ASTM A106/106M 2014 (Standard Specification for Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service) std
استاندارد ASTM A106 برای لوله های بدون درز برای سرویسهای دما بالا
API STANDARD 616 - Gas Turbines for the Petroleum, Chemical, and Gas Industry Services
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توضیح:
به دلیل بسیار کمیاب بودن این کتابها و ارزش بالای آنها ( تهیه آنها بسیار مشکل و زمانبر می باشد) قیمت کتابها بالاتر از استانداردها می باشد.
Abstract
Benjamin R. Underwood, Veronica L. C. White, Tim Baker, Malcolm Law
and John C. Moore-Gillon
Background The aim of the study was to investigate the
relative effectiveness of four strategies in detecting and preventing
tuberculosis: contact tracing of smear-positive pulmonary
disease, of smear-negative pulmonary disease and
of non-pulmonary disease, and screening new entrants.
Methods An analysis of patient records and a TB database
was carried out for an NHS Trust-based tuberculosis service
in a socio-economically deprived area. Subjects were contacts
of all patients treated for TB between 1997 and 1999.
New entrants were screened in 1999. Outcomes measured
were numbers of cases of active tuberculosis detected and
numbers of those screened given chemoprophylaxis.
Results A total of 643 contacts of 227 cases of active TB were
seen, and 322 new entrants to the United Kingdom. The highest
proportion of contacts requiring full treatment or chemoprophylaxis
were contacts of smear-positive index cases (33
out of 263 contacts; 12.5 per cent). Tracing contacts of those
with smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis (12 out of 156;
7.7 per cent) and non-pulmonary disease (14 out of 277;
6.2 per cent) was significantly more effective in identifying
individuals requiring intervention (full treatment or chemoprophylaxis)
than routine screening of new entrants (10 out
of 322; 3.1 per cent).
Conclusions Screening for TB of new entrants to the United
Kingdom is part of the national programme for control and
prevention of TB, whereas tracing contacts of those with
smear-negative and non-pulmonary disease is not. This study
demonstrates that, in our population, the contact-tracing
strategy is more effective than new entrant screening. It is not
likely that the contacts have caught their disease from the
index case, but rather that in high-incidence areas such as
ours such tracing selects extended families or communities at
particularly high risk.
Keywords: tuberculosis, contact tracing, immigrants, cost
effectiveness
Dolly Jackson-Sillaha, Philip C. Hill a,∗, Annette Foxa, Roger H. Brookesa,
Simon A. Donkora, Moses D. Lugosa, Stephen R.C. Howiea,
Katherine R. Fielding b, Adama Jallowc, Christian Lienhardtd,
Tumani Corraha, Richard A. Adegbolaa, Keith P. McAdama
Summary Contact investigation is a key component of tuberculosis (TB) control in developed,
but not developing, countries. We aimed to measure the prevalence of TB among household
contacts of sputum-smear-positive TB cases in The Gambia and to assess the sensitivity of an
enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay in this regard. Household contacts of adult smearpositive
TB patients were assessed by questionnaire, purified protein derivative (PPD) skin test,
ELISPOT assay, physical examination, chest X-ray and sputum/gastric aspirate. Thirty-three
TB cases were identified from 2174 of 2381 contacts of 317 adult smear-positive pulmonary
TB patients, giving a prevalence of 1518/100 000. The cases identified tended to have milder
disease than those passively detected. The sensitivity of ESAT-6/CFP-10 ELISPOT test as a
screening test for TB disease was estimated as 71%. Fifty-six per cent of contacts with a PPD
skin test result ≥10mm induration had detectable responses to ESAT-6/CFP-10 by ELISPOT; 11%
with a negative PPD skin test (<10mm) had a positive ESAT-6/CFP-10 response. Active screening
for TB among contacts of TB patients may have a role in TB control in The Gambia. These individuals
are a high-risk group, and the disease identified is less advanced than that found through
passive case detection. An ELISPOT assay was relatively insensitive as a screening test for TB.
© 2007 Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights
reserved.