VHDL modular design and synthesis of cores and systems
By Zainalabedin Navabi
ترجمه عنوان:
VHDL طراحی مدولار و سنتز هسته و سیستم های
موضوع کتاب:
زبان توصیف سخت افزار VHDL
سال:2011
ناشر:McGraw Hill Professional
ویرایش:3rd ed
صفحه:1 electronic text (xviii, 531 p. : ill. : PDF file
زبان:انگلیسی
شابک/ISBN:0-07-150892-9, 0-07-147545-1, 9780071508926
فهرست:
1 Digital System Design Automation with VHDL ...........................1
1.1 Abstraction Levels..................................................................2
1.2 System Level Design Flow.....................................................3
1.2.1 Hardware/Software Partitioning ......................................3
1.2.2 Hardware Part ...................................................................4
1.2.3 Software Part .....................................................................5
1.3 RTL Design Flow....................................................................5
1.3.1 Design Entry ......................................................................6
1.3.2 Testbench in VHDL ...........................................................7
1.3.3 Design Validation ..............................................................8
1.3.4 Compilation and Synthesis .............................................10
1.3.5 Timing Analysis ...............................................................13
1.3.6 Post-Synthesis Simulation ..............................................14
1.3.7 Hardware Generation......................................................14
1.4 VHDL....................................................................................14
1.4.1 VHDL Initiation...............................................................14
1.4.2 Existing Languages .........................................................15
1.4.3 VHDL Requirements .......................................................17
1.4.4 The VHDL Language.......................................................20
1.5 Summary ..............................................................................21
Problems.............................................................................................21
Suggested Reading.............................................................................22
2 RTL Design with VHDL ................................................................23
2.1 Basic Structures of VHDL ...................................................24
2.1.1 Entities and Architectures ..............................................25
2.1.2 Entity-Architecture Outline............................................27
2.1.3 Entity Ports......................................................................28
2.1.4 Signals and Variables......................................................29
2.1.5 Logic Value System..........................................................31
2.1.6 Resolutions .......................................................................32
2.2 Combinational Circuits........................................................33
2.2.1 Gate Level Combinational Circuits ................................34
2.2.2 Gate Level Synthesis .......................................................36
2.2.3 Descriptions by Use of Equations ...................................38
2.2.4 Instantiating Other Modules ..........................................43
2.2.5 Synthesis of Assignment Statements .............................44
2.2.6 Descriptions with Sequential Flow.................................45
2.2.7 Combinational Rules .......................................................49
2.2.8 Bussing .............................................................................49
2.2.9 Synthesizing Procedural Blocks......................................50
2.3 Sequential Circuits ..............................................................52
2.3.1 Basic Memory Elements at the Gate Level....................52
2.3.2 Memory Elements Using Procedural Statements .........54
2.3.3 Flip-flop Synthesis...........................................................57
2.3.4 Registers, Shifters and Counters....................................59
2.3.5 Synthesis of Shifters and Counters ................................61
2.3.6 State Machine Coding .....................................................62
2.3.7 State Machine Synthesis.................................................64
2.3.8 Memories ..........................................................................65
2.4 Writing Testbenches ............................................................65
2.5 Synthesis Issues ...................................................................68
2.6 VHDL Essential Terminologies...........................................68
2.6.1 Design...............................................................................68
2.6.2 Analysis ............................................................................68
2.6.3 Library..............................................................................69
2.6.4 Standard Packages ..........................................................69
2.6.5 Elaboration.......................................................................70
2.6.6 Event Driven Simulation ................................................70
2.6.7 Concurrency .....................................................................70
2.6.8 Concurrent Bodies ...........................................................70
2.6.9 Sequentiality ....................................................................70
2.6.10 Sequential Bodies ............................................................71
2.6.11 VHDL Objects and Classes .............................................71
2.6.12 Real Time .........................................................................72
2.6.13 Delta Delay.......................................................................72
2.6.14 Scheduling........................................................................73
2.6.15 Resolution.........................................................................73
2.6.16 Code Formal .....................................................................73
2.7 Summary ..............................................................................73
Problems.............................................................................................73
Suggested Reading.............................................................................76
3 VHDL Constructs for Structure and Hierarchy Descriptions...77
3.1 Basic Components................................................................77
3.1.1 Basic Model ......................................................................78
3.2 Component Instantiations...................................................80
3.2.1 Direct Instantiation .........................................................81
3.2.2 Component Instantiation ................................................81
3.3 Iterative Networks ...............................................................84
3.3.1 Multi-bit Vectors..............................................................85
3.3.2 Multi-instance Generations ............................................85
3.3.3 Simplified Generations....................................................87
3.4 Binding Alternatives............................................................87
3.5 Association Methods ............................................................89
3.6 Generic Parameters .............................................................90
3.6.1 Using Generic Default Values.........................................91
3.6.2 Generic Map Aspect.........................................................92
3.6.3 Generic Association List..................................................93
3.7 Design Configuration ...........................................................94
3.7.1 Basic Configuration Declaration.....................................94
3.7.2 Incremental Configuration..............................................96
3.7.3 Configuring Nested Components....................................97
3.7.4 Indexing Block Configurations .......................................99
3.7.5 Instantiating a Design Unit..........................................100
3.8 Design Simulation..............................................................101
3.9 Summary ............................................................................102
Problems...........................................................................................103
Suggested Reading...........................................................................104
4 Concurrent Constructs for RT Level Descriptions .................105
4.1 Concurrent Signal Assignments .......................................105
4.1.1 Simple Assignments ......................................................106
4.1.2 Conditional Signal Assignment ....................................107
4.1.3 Selected Signal Assignment..........................................109
4.2 Guarded Signal Assignments............................................111
4.2.1 GUARD Signal and Expression ....................................111
4.2.2 Block Statement.............................................................112
4.2.3 Block Statement Ports...................................................113
4.2.4 Nested Block Statements ..............................................114
4.2.5 Guarded Signals.............................................................115
4.2.6 Timing Disconnections ..................................................118
4.3 Summary ............................................................................120
Problems...........................................................................................120
Suggested Reading...........................................................................122
5 Sequential Constructs for RT Level Descriptions ..................123
5.1 Process Statement..............................................................123
5.1.1 Declarative Part of a Process ........................................124
5.1.2 Statement Part of a Process..........................................125
5.1.3 Process Sensitivity List .................................................127
5.1.4 Postponed Processes ......................................................129
5.1.5 Passive Processes...........................................................131
5.2 Sequential Wait Statements .............................................132
5.3 VHDL Subprograms...........................................................135
5.3.1 Function Definition........................................................135
5.3.2 Procedure Definition......................................................137
5.3.3 Language Aspects of Subprograms...............................140
5.3.4 Nesting Subprograms....................................................140
5.4 VHDL Library Structure ...................................................143
5.4.1 Creating Libraries .........................................................143
5.4.2 Using Libraries ..............................................................144
5.5 Packaging Utilities and Components ...............................144
5.5.1 A Package of Utilities ....................................................145
5.5.2 A Package of Components .............................................147
5.6 Sequential Statements.......................................................150
5.6.1 If Statement ...................................................................150
5.6.2 Loop Statement..............................................................151
5.6.3 Case Statement..............................................................153
5.6.4 Assertion Statement ......................................................154
5.7 Summary ............................................................................156
Problems...........................................................................................156
Suggested Reading...........................................................................160
6 VHDL Language Utilities and Packages ..................................161
6.1 Type Declarations and Usage............................................161
6.1.1 Enumeration Type for Multi-Value Logic ....................161
6.1.2 Using Real Numbers......................................................165
6.1.3 Type Conversions...........................................................166
6.1.4 Physical Types................................................................167
6.1.5 Array Declarations.........................................................170
6.1.6 File Type and External File I/O....................................181
6.2 VHDL Operators ................................................................186
6.2.1 Logical Operators...........................................................186
6.2.2 Relational Operators .....................................................187
6.2.3 Shift Operators...............................................................188
6.2.4 Adding Operators...........................................................189
6.2.5 Sign Operators ...............................................................189
6.2.6 Multiplying Operators...................................................189
6.2.7 Other Operators.............................................................190
6.2.8 Aggregate Operation......................................................190
6.3 Operator and Subprogram Overloading ...........................190
6.3.1 Operator Overloading....................................................191
6.3.2 Subprogram Overloading ..............................................193
6.4 Other Types and Type-Related Issues..............................194
6.4.1 Subtypes .........................................................................194
6.4.2 Record Types ..................................................................195
6.4.3 Alias Declaration ...........................................................197
6.4.4 Access Types...................................................................198
6.4.5 Global Objects ................................................................202
6.4.6 Type Conversions...........................................................203
6.4.7 Standard Nine-Value Logic...........................................204
6.5 Predefined Attributes ........................................................205
6.5.1 Array Attributes ............................................................205
6.5.2 Type Attributes ..............................................................206
6.5.3 Signal Attributes............................................................208
6.5.4 Entity Attributes............................................................213
6.5.5 User-Defined Attributes................................................214
6.6 Standard Libraries and Packages.....................................216
6.6.1 STANDARD Package ....................................................216
6.6.2 TEXTIO Package and ASCII I/O ..................................217
6.6.3 Std_logic_1164 Package.................................................220
6.6.4 Std_logic_arith Package ................................................222
6.7 Summary ............................................................................223
Problems...........................................................................................223
Suggested Reading...........................................................................225
7 VHDL Signal Model ....................................................................227
7.1 Characterizing Hardware Languages...............................227
7.1.1 Timing and Concurrency of Operations .......................227
7.2 Signal Assignments............................................................230
7.2.1 Inertial Delay Mechanism.............................................231
7.2.2 Transport Delay Mechanism.........................................232
7.2.3 Comparing Inertial and Transport...............................232
7.3 Concurrent and Sequential Assignments.........................233
7.3.1 Concurrent Assignments...............................................233
7.3.2 Events and Transactions...............................................234
7.3.3 Delta Delay.....................................................................238
7.3.4 Sequential Placement of Transactions .........................242
7.4 Multiple Concurrent Drivers.............................................255
7.4.1 Resolving between Multiple Driving Values................255
7.4.2 Resolutions with Guarded Assignments ......................262
7.4.3 Resolving INOUT Signals .............................................266
7.4.4 Standard Resolution ......................................................268
7.5 Summary ............................................................................268
Problems...........................................................................................269
Suggested Reading...........................................................................272
8 Hardware Cores and Models.....................................................273
8.1 Synthesis Rules and Styles................................................273
8.1.1 Combinational Cores .....................................................274
8.1.2 Sequential Cores ............................................................278
8.1.3 Finite State Machines ...................................................283
8.2 Memory and Queue Structures .........................................292
8.2.1 Generic RAM Core .........................................................292
8.2.2 Synthesizable Push-Pop Stack......................................294
8.2.3 Synthesizable Circular FIFO ........................................297
8.2.4 Dynamic Access Type FIFO ..........................................301
8.3 Arithmetic Cores ................................................................305
8.3.1 Array Multiplier.............................................................306
8.3.2 Carry-Lookahead Adder ................................................308
8.3.3 Synthesizable Booth Multiplier ....................................311
8.4 Components with Separate Control and Data Parts .......314
8.4.1 Sequential Multiplier ....................................................314
8.4.2 von Neumann Computer Model....................................322
8.5 Summary ............................................................................334
Problems...........................................................................................335
Suggested Reading...........................................................................340
9 Core Design Test and Testability .............................................341
9.1 Issues Related to Design Test ...........................................341
9.1.1 Design Test.....................................................................342
9.1.2 Testbench .......................................................................342
9.1.3 Coverage .........................................................................342
9.2 Simple Testbenches............................................................343
9.2.1 Combinational Circuit Testing .....................................343
9.2.2 Sequential Circuit Testing ............................................345
9.3 Testbench Techniques........................................................346
9.3.1 Arbitrary Test Data .......................................................347
9.3.2 Random Test Data .........................................................348
9.3.3 Applying Synchronized Data ........................................351
9.3.4 Synchronized Display of Results...................................352
9.3.5 Displaying Interval Objects ..........................................353
9.3.6 An Interactive Testbench ..............................................355
9.3.7 Queued Data Application ..............................................358
9.3.8 Text File Stimuli and Response....................................359
9.4 Complete System Testing ..................................................361
9.4.1 Multiplier Testing..........................................................361
9.4.2 Processor Testing...........................................................365
9.5 Issues Related to Manufacturing Test..............................371
9.5.1 Manufacturing Test .......................................................371
9.5.2 Fault Model ....................................................................371
9.5.3 Test Generation .............................................................372
9.5.4 Fault Simulation............................................................372
9.5.5 Fault Coverage...............................................................372
9.5.6 Testability ......................................................................372
9.6 Core Test Support Modules ...............................................373
9.6.1 LFSR...............................................................................373
9.6.2 MISR...............................................................................375
9.7 Scan Design and Test Application ....................................377
9.7.1 Starting Design..............................................................377
9.7.2 Scan Insertion ................................................................379
9.7.3 Scan Testbench ..............................................................380
9.7.4 Top Level Tester ............................................................382
9.8 Memory BIST .....................................................................383
9.8.1 Memory BIST Architecture...........................................383
9.8.2 Test Session....................................................................385
9.8.3 BIST Controller..............................................................386
9.8.4 BIST Structure...............................................................386
9.8.5 BIST Tester ....................................................................388
9.9 Summary ............................................................................389
Problems...........................................................................................389
Suggested Reading...........................................................................393
10 Design, Test and Application of a Processor Core ................395
10.1 Design of SAYEH Processor Core .....................................395
10.1.1 Details of Processor Functionality................................396
10.1.2 SAYEH Datapath...........................................................399
10.2 SAYEH VHDL Description................................................401
10.2.1 Data Components ..........................................................401
10.2.2 SAYEH Datapath...........................................................409
10.2.3 SAYEH Controller .........................................................412
10.2.4 Complete SAYEH Processor..........................................418
10.3 SAYEH Testbench / Assembler / Memory Model.............419
10.3.1 Top Level VHDL Testbench ..........................................420
10.3.2 Memory Model................................................................421
10.3.3 Assembler.......................................................................422
10.3.4 Memory Read .................................................................424
10.3.5 Memory Write ................................................................425
10.3.6 Memory File Handling ..................................................426
10.3.7 Sorting Test Program ....................................................427
10.4 SAYEH as an Embedded Processor Core .........................428
10.4.1 Embedded Core Based Design ......................................428
10.4.2 Filter Design ..................................................................429
10.4.3 Core Based Architecture ...............................................430
10.4.4 FIR Program ..................................................................430
10.4.5 FIR Memory and IO Maps ............................................432
10.4.6 Filter Software ...............................................................433
10.5 Summary ............................................................................435
Problems...........................................................................................436
Suggested Reading...........................................................................437
APPENDIXES
A VHDL Keywords .........................................................................439
B VHDL Language Grammar.........................................................441
C VHDL Standard Packages .........................................................461
C.1 STANDARD Package.........................................................461
C.2 TEXTIO Package................................................................463
D STD_LOGIC_1164 Package .......................................................467
E STD_LOGIC_TEXTIO Package ..................................................479
F STD_LOGIC_ARITH Package ....................................................481
G STD_LOGIC_SIGNED.................................................................497
H STD_LOGIC_UNSIGNED............................................................503
I math_real Package.....................................................................509
Index.....................................................................................................523
1.1 Abstraction Levels..................................................................2
1.2 System Level Design Flow.....................................................3
1.2.1 Hardware/Software Partitioning ......................................3
1.2.2 Hardware Part ...................................................................4
1.2.3 Software Part .....................................................................5
1.3 RTL Design Flow....................................................................5
1.3.1 Design Entry ......................................................................6
1.3.2 Testbench in VHDL ...........................................................7
1.3.3 Design Validation ..............................................................8
1.3.4 Compilation and Synthesis .............................................10
1.3.5 Timing Analysis ...............................................................13
1.3.6 Post-Synthesis Simulation ..............................................14
1.3.7 Hardware Generation......................................................14
1.4 VHDL....................................................................................14
1.4.1 VHDL Initiation...............................................................14
1.4.2 Existing Languages .........................................................15
1.4.3 VHDL Requirements .......................................................17
1.4.4 The VHDL Language.......................................................20
1.5 Summary ..............................................................................21
Problems.............................................................................................21
Suggested Reading.............................................................................22
2 RTL Design with VHDL ................................................................23
2.1 Basic Structures of VHDL ...................................................24
2.1.1 Entities and Architectures ..............................................25
2.1.2 Entity-Architecture Outline............................................27
2.1.3 Entity Ports......................................................................28
2.1.4 Signals and Variables......................................................29
2.1.5 Logic Value System..........................................................31
2.1.6 Resolutions .......................................................................32
2.2 Combinational Circuits........................................................33
2.2.1 Gate Level Combinational Circuits ................................34
2.2.2 Gate Level Synthesis .......................................................36
2.2.3 Descriptions by Use of Equations ...................................38
2.2.4 Instantiating Other Modules ..........................................43
2.2.5 Synthesis of Assignment Statements .............................44
2.2.6 Descriptions with Sequential Flow.................................45
2.2.7 Combinational Rules .......................................................49
2.2.8 Bussing .............................................................................49
2.2.9 Synthesizing Procedural Blocks......................................50
2.3 Sequential Circuits ..............................................................52
2.3.1 Basic Memory Elements at the Gate Level....................52
2.3.2 Memory Elements Using Procedural Statements .........54
2.3.3 Flip-flop Synthesis...........................................................57
2.3.4 Registers, Shifters and Counters....................................59
2.3.5 Synthesis of Shifters and Counters ................................61
2.3.6 State Machine Coding .....................................................62
2.3.7 State Machine Synthesis.................................................64
2.3.8 Memories ..........................................................................65
2.4 Writing Testbenches ............................................................65
2.5 Synthesis Issues ...................................................................68
2.6 VHDL Essential Terminologies...........................................68
2.6.1 Design...............................................................................68
2.6.2 Analysis ............................................................................68
2.6.3 Library..............................................................................69
2.6.4 Standard Packages ..........................................................69
2.6.5 Elaboration.......................................................................70
2.6.6 Event Driven Simulation ................................................70
2.6.7 Concurrency .....................................................................70
2.6.8 Concurrent Bodies ...........................................................70
2.6.9 Sequentiality ....................................................................70
2.6.10 Sequential Bodies ............................................................71
2.6.11 VHDL Objects and Classes .............................................71
2.6.12 Real Time .........................................................................72
2.6.13 Delta Delay.......................................................................72
2.6.14 Scheduling........................................................................73
2.6.15 Resolution.........................................................................73
2.6.16 Code Formal .....................................................................73
2.7 Summary ..............................................................................73
Problems.............................................................................................73
Suggested Reading.............................................................................76
3 VHDL Constructs for Structure and Hierarchy Descriptions...77
3.1 Basic Components................................................................77
3.1.1 Basic Model ......................................................................78
3.2 Component Instantiations...................................................80
3.2.1 Direct Instantiation .........................................................81
3.2.2 Component Instantiation ................................................81
3.3 Iterative Networks ...............................................................84
3.3.1 Multi-bit Vectors..............................................................85
3.3.2 Multi-instance Generations ............................................85
3.3.3 Simplified Generations....................................................87
3.4 Binding Alternatives............................................................87
3.5 Association Methods ............................................................89
3.6 Generic Parameters .............................................................90
3.6.1 Using Generic Default Values.........................................91
3.6.2 Generic Map Aspect.........................................................92
3.6.3 Generic Association List..................................................93
3.7 Design Configuration ...........................................................94
3.7.1 Basic Configuration Declaration.....................................94
3.7.2 Incremental Configuration..............................................96
3.7.3 Configuring Nested Components....................................97
3.7.4 Indexing Block Configurations .......................................99
3.7.5 Instantiating a Design Unit..........................................100
3.8 Design Simulation..............................................................101
3.9 Summary ............................................................................102
Problems...........................................................................................103
Suggested Reading...........................................................................104
4 Concurrent Constructs for RT Level Descriptions .................105
4.1 Concurrent Signal Assignments .......................................105
4.1.1 Simple Assignments ......................................................106
4.1.2 Conditional Signal Assignment ....................................107
4.1.3 Selected Signal Assignment..........................................109
4.2 Guarded Signal Assignments............................................111
4.2.1 GUARD Signal and Expression ....................................111
4.2.2 Block Statement.............................................................112
4.2.3 Block Statement Ports...................................................113
4.2.4 Nested Block Statements ..............................................114
4.2.5 Guarded Signals.............................................................115
4.2.6 Timing Disconnections ..................................................118
4.3 Summary ............................................................................120
Problems...........................................................................................120
Suggested Reading...........................................................................122
5 Sequential Constructs for RT Level Descriptions ..................123
5.1 Process Statement..............................................................123
5.1.1 Declarative Part of a Process ........................................124
5.1.2 Statement Part of a Process..........................................125
5.1.3 Process Sensitivity List .................................................127
5.1.4 Postponed Processes ......................................................129
5.1.5 Passive Processes...........................................................131
5.2 Sequential Wait Statements .............................................132
5.3 VHDL Subprograms...........................................................135
5.3.1 Function Definition........................................................135
5.3.2 Procedure Definition......................................................137
5.3.3 Language Aspects of Subprograms...............................140
5.3.4 Nesting Subprograms....................................................140
5.4 VHDL Library Structure ...................................................143
5.4.1 Creating Libraries .........................................................143
5.4.2 Using Libraries ..............................................................144
5.5 Packaging Utilities and Components ...............................144
5.5.1 A Package of Utilities ....................................................145
5.5.2 A Package of Components .............................................147
5.6 Sequential Statements.......................................................150
5.6.1 If Statement ...................................................................150
5.6.2 Loop Statement..............................................................151
5.6.3 Case Statement..............................................................153
5.6.4 Assertion Statement ......................................................154
5.7 Summary ............................................................................156
Problems...........................................................................................156
Suggested Reading...........................................................................160
6 VHDL Language Utilities and Packages ..................................161
6.1 Type Declarations and Usage............................................161
6.1.1 Enumeration Type for Multi-Value Logic ....................161
6.1.2 Using Real Numbers......................................................165
6.1.3 Type Conversions...........................................................166
6.1.4 Physical Types................................................................167
6.1.5 Array Declarations.........................................................170
6.1.6 File Type and External File I/O....................................181
6.2 VHDL Operators ................................................................186
6.2.1 Logical Operators...........................................................186
6.2.2 Relational Operators .....................................................187
6.2.3 Shift Operators...............................................................188
6.2.4 Adding Operators...........................................................189
6.2.5 Sign Operators ...............................................................189
6.2.6 Multiplying Operators...................................................189
6.2.7 Other Operators.............................................................190
6.2.8 Aggregate Operation......................................................190
6.3 Operator and Subprogram Overloading ...........................190
6.3.1 Operator Overloading....................................................191
6.3.2 Subprogram Overloading ..............................................193
6.4 Other Types and Type-Related Issues..............................194
6.4.1 Subtypes .........................................................................194
6.4.2 Record Types ..................................................................195
6.4.3 Alias Declaration ...........................................................197
6.4.4 Access Types...................................................................198
6.4.5 Global Objects ................................................................202
6.4.6 Type Conversions...........................................................203
6.4.7 Standard Nine-Value Logic...........................................204
6.5 Predefined Attributes ........................................................205
6.5.1 Array Attributes ............................................................205
6.5.2 Type Attributes ..............................................................206
6.5.3 Signal Attributes............................................................208
6.5.4 Entity Attributes............................................................213
6.5.5 User-Defined Attributes................................................214
6.6 Standard Libraries and Packages.....................................216
6.6.1 STANDARD Package ....................................................216
6.6.2 TEXTIO Package and ASCII I/O ..................................217
6.6.3 Std_logic_1164 Package.................................................220
6.6.4 Std_logic_arith Package ................................................222
6.7 Summary ............................................................................223
Problems...........................................................................................223
Suggested Reading...........................................................................225
7 VHDL Signal Model ....................................................................227
7.1 Characterizing Hardware Languages...............................227
7.1.1 Timing and Concurrency of Operations .......................227
7.2 Signal Assignments............................................................230
7.2.1 Inertial Delay Mechanism.............................................231
7.2.2 Transport Delay Mechanism.........................................232
7.2.3 Comparing Inertial and Transport...............................232
7.3 Concurrent and Sequential Assignments.........................233
7.3.1 Concurrent Assignments...............................................233
7.3.2 Events and Transactions...............................................234
7.3.3 Delta Delay.....................................................................238
7.3.4 Sequential Placement of Transactions .........................242
7.4 Multiple Concurrent Drivers.............................................255
7.4.1 Resolving between Multiple Driving Values................255
7.4.2 Resolutions with Guarded Assignments ......................262
7.4.3 Resolving INOUT Signals .............................................266
7.4.4 Standard Resolution ......................................................268
7.5 Summary ............................................................................268
Problems...........................................................................................269
Suggested Reading...........................................................................272
8 Hardware Cores and Models.....................................................273
8.1 Synthesis Rules and Styles................................................273
8.1.1 Combinational Cores .....................................................274
8.1.2 Sequential Cores ............................................................278
8.1.3 Finite State Machines ...................................................283
8.2 Memory and Queue Structures .........................................292
8.2.1 Generic RAM Core .........................................................292
8.2.2 Synthesizable Push-Pop Stack......................................294
8.2.3 Synthesizable Circular FIFO ........................................297
8.2.4 Dynamic Access Type FIFO ..........................................301
8.3 Arithmetic Cores ................................................................305
8.3.1 Array Multiplier.............................................................306
8.3.2 Carry-Lookahead Adder ................................................308
8.3.3 Synthesizable Booth Multiplier ....................................311
8.4 Components with Separate Control and Data Parts .......314
8.4.1 Sequential Multiplier ....................................................314
8.4.2 von Neumann Computer Model....................................322
8.5 Summary ............................................................................334
Problems...........................................................................................335
Suggested Reading...........................................................................340
9 Core Design Test and Testability .............................................341
9.1 Issues Related to Design Test ...........................................341
9.1.1 Design Test.....................................................................342
9.1.2 Testbench .......................................................................342
9.1.3 Coverage .........................................................................342
9.2 Simple Testbenches............................................................343
9.2.1 Combinational Circuit Testing .....................................343
9.2.2 Sequential Circuit Testing ............................................345
9.3 Testbench Techniques........................................................346
9.3.1 Arbitrary Test Data .......................................................347
9.3.2 Random Test Data .........................................................348
9.3.3 Applying Synchronized Data ........................................351
9.3.4 Synchronized Display of Results...................................352
9.3.5 Displaying Interval Objects ..........................................353
9.3.6 An Interactive Testbench ..............................................355
9.3.7 Queued Data Application ..............................................358
9.3.8 Text File Stimuli and Response....................................359
9.4 Complete System Testing ..................................................361
9.4.1 Multiplier Testing..........................................................361
9.4.2 Processor Testing...........................................................365
9.5 Issues Related to Manufacturing Test..............................371
9.5.1 Manufacturing Test .......................................................371
9.5.2 Fault Model ....................................................................371
9.5.3 Test Generation .............................................................372
9.5.4 Fault Simulation............................................................372
9.5.5 Fault Coverage...............................................................372
9.5.6 Testability ......................................................................372
9.6 Core Test Support Modules ...............................................373
9.6.1 LFSR...............................................................................373
9.6.2 MISR...............................................................................375
9.7 Scan Design and Test Application ....................................377
9.7.1 Starting Design..............................................................377
9.7.2 Scan Insertion ................................................................379
9.7.3 Scan Testbench ..............................................................380
9.7.4 Top Level Tester ............................................................382
9.8 Memory BIST .....................................................................383
9.8.1 Memory BIST Architecture...........................................383
9.8.2 Test Session....................................................................385
9.8.3 BIST Controller..............................................................386
9.8.4 BIST Structure...............................................................386
9.8.5 BIST Tester ....................................................................388
9.9 Summary ............................................................................389
Problems...........................................................................................389
Suggested Reading...........................................................................393
10 Design, Test and Application of a Processor Core ................395
10.1 Design of SAYEH Processor Core .....................................395
10.1.1 Details of Processor Functionality................................396
10.1.2 SAYEH Datapath...........................................................399
10.2 SAYEH VHDL Description................................................401
10.2.1 Data Components ..........................................................401
10.2.2 SAYEH Datapath...........................................................409
10.2.3 SAYEH Controller .........................................................412
10.2.4 Complete SAYEH Processor..........................................418
10.3 SAYEH Testbench / Assembler / Memory Model.............419
10.3.1 Top Level VHDL Testbench ..........................................420
10.3.2 Memory Model................................................................421
10.3.3 Assembler.......................................................................422
10.3.4 Memory Read .................................................................424
10.3.5 Memory Write ................................................................425
10.3.6 Memory File Handling ..................................................426
10.3.7 Sorting Test Program ....................................................427
10.4 SAYEH as an Embedded Processor Core .........................428
10.4.1 Embedded Core Based Design ......................................428
10.4.2 Filter Design ..................................................................429
10.4.3 Core Based Architecture ...............................................430
10.4.4 FIR Program ..................................................................430
10.4.5 FIR Memory and IO Maps ............................................432
10.4.6 Filter Software ...............................................................433
10.5 Summary ............................................................................435
Problems...........................................................................................436
Suggested Reading...........................................................................437
APPENDIXES
A VHDL Keywords .........................................................................439
B VHDL Language Grammar.........................................................441
C VHDL Standard Packages .........................................................461
C.1 STANDARD Package.........................................................461
C.2 TEXTIO Package................................................................463
D STD_LOGIC_1164 Package .......................................................467
E STD_LOGIC_TEXTIO Package ..................................................479
F STD_LOGIC_ARITH Package ....................................................481
G STD_LOGIC_SIGNED.................................................................497
H STD_LOGIC_UNSIGNED............................................................503
I math_real Package.....................................................................509
Index.....................................................................................................523
کتاب VHDL modular design and synthesis of cores and systems